Rocky reefs. Semi-pelagic. Estuaries may be important nursery habitat.
Limiting factors
Periodic recruitment dependent on favorable conditions in a highly variable environment. High vulnerability potential for overfishing based on productivity and susceptibility analysis.
Data gaps
Fishery-independent population monitoring. Larval dispersal patterns, habitat associations, and usage. Migration patterns. Genetic variation among stocks.
Conservation actions
Protect critical habitat. Manage for sustainable harvest. Gather information to fill data gaps.